第二份英文作業/2018.08.30-2019.01.18/邱申晴：修訂版本之間的差異

2018年11月17日 (六) 18:33的修訂版本

2018.09.17~2018.09.23

THE CULTURAL RICHES OF SARAWAK

Sarawak's capital city, Kuching, offers a different experience. It's packed with bistros, bars, and all of the conveniences of most modern cities. Yet Kuching retains its old. world charm because it doesn't suffer from major traffic or pollution problems.

As you travel around Kuching, you're certain to notice numerous cat statues around the city. That's because the city has had a long love affair with their feline friends. In fact, the name of the city, kuching, means 'cat' in Malay. No one knows for certain why the city was named after cats, but there are different theories. Some think that many shorttailed cats were living there when the city was built. Others believe the city got its name due to a miscommunication during the colonial era. In either case, the residents of Kuching embraced the name and their connection to cats.

Affections run so deep that when the city's feline population started declining in the 1950s, residents demanded action. In response, the British Royal Air Force parachuted 14,000 cats into the city to stabilize the population in a mission called Operation Cat Drop.

To learn more about Kuching's history with cats, check out the Kuching Cat Museum. It has more than 4,000 cat-related artifacts on display. This collection includes contemporary paintings, giant replicas, and porcelain figurines. There is even a mummified cat that was imported from Egypt. Before leaving the city, you can spend time with real cats at one of the city's many cat cafés. Petting a happy Kuching cat as you sip a cup of coffee is a great way to end your "purr-fect" vacation.

砂拉越的首都是古晉，它提供了一個不一樣的體驗。那裏充滿了小酒館、酒吧和大多數現代城市的所有便利設備。然而，古晉保留了古老世界的魅力，因為他沒有遭受到從重大交通貨汙染帶來的影響。

當你來古晉旅遊時，你一定會注意到城市周圍有很多貓的雕像。那是因為這城市長期熱愛他們的貓科朋友。事實上，「古晉」這個名字，在馬來語中代表貓。沒有人確定這個城市為甚麼以貓來命名，但它們有不同的理論。一些人認為，當他們在建造這個城市時，有很多短尾貓居住在這。也有人相信，是因為殖民時代的溝通不良，才叫這個名字。不管是何種情況下，古晉的居民都欣然接受這個名字和他們與貓的關係。

居民和貓的感情很深厚，所以這個城市在1950年貓數量開始下降時，居民就要求要採舉行動。為了因應這個狀況，英國皇家空軍就在一個叫投貓行動的任務，空投了14000隻貓到這個城市裡來穩定貓的數量。

想了解更多關於古晉和貓的歷史，就進去古晉貓咪博物館裡參觀吧。那裡有超過四千個跟貓有關的工藝品在展出中。這些收藏品包誇當代的畫、巨大複製品和瓷器小雕像。甚至有從埃及運輸來的貓咪木乃伊。在離開這個城市前，你可以花一些時間到這個城市很多的貓咪咖啡館中的一家和真實的貓咪再一起。一邊撫摸著快樂的古晉貓咪，一邊啜飲著咖啡，是結束這完美假期很好的方式。

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2018.09.24~2018.9.30

Losing Touch with Nature May Make You Sick

For something that’s not actually a recognized medical condition, Nature-Deficit Disorder (NDD) has gotten a lot of attention since it was first coined in 2005. Writer Richard Louv, who acknowledges that NDD is mostly a metaphor for a lifestyle lacking in contact with nature, came up with the term in his book, Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Louv explained that children who play outside often are less likely to become ill, stressed, or aggressive compared to those who watch a lot of television and spend most of their free time indoors. Indeed, studies appear to back up that claim by noting that children who spend a significant amount of time outdoors tend to have better mental and physical health. Experts believe that problems such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can be relieved through contact with nature, whereas they may be worsened by staying inside watching TV, playing video games, or being glued to a smartphone. What’s more, research also suggests that getting a nature fix can help boost the immune system.

According to Louv, the effects of NDD can be lessened or even reversed by making sure parents encourage their kids to enjoy playing outdoors as much as they can. However, mothers and fathers shouldn’t force their kids to go outside or use it as a type of punishment. Rather, they should lead by example, spending time with them in the park, at the beach, camping, and doing other activities, Louv said. He added that children learn many important and practical skills while interacting with nature, like risk-taking, independence, and decision-making. In turn, this aids in the development of confidence and overall good health.

對於還未受到認可的醫學狀況下，大自然缺失症在2005年第一個被創造以來，它得到了很多的關注。作家Richard Louv認為大自然缺失症主要是對缺乏接觸大自然的一種隱喻，在《失去山林的孩子：拯救大自然缺失症兒童》這本書中提到的術語。Louv說明，和那些一直看電視和大部份休閒時間都待在室內的小孩相比，時常在戶外玩的小孩更不容易生病、感到有壓力、個性好鬥。事實上，有研究支持了這個說法，提到小孩長時間在戶外玩心理和生理都會更健康。專家相信像是注意力不集中和過動症，都可以經由和大自然接觸而得到緩和，而在室內看電視、玩電動遊戲和一直看智慧型手機的人會更惡化。此外研究也指出自然就像一劑藥能幫助增強免疫系統。

根據Louv，讓父母去鼓勵它們的孩子盡可能到戶外玩，大自然缺失症的影響可能會減輕或甚至是逆轉。然而父母不應該強迫他們的小孩到戶外或把它當成一種處罰方式。相反的，Louv說他們應該當典範，花一些時間帶著孩子到公園、海邊、露營或是做其他活動。他還說，當孩子在和大自然互動時，能學到很多重要、實用的技能，像冒險、獨立和做決定。藉此能幫助它們發展自信心和整體的健康。

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2018.10.1~2018.10.7

A New Kind of Eating Disorder

Taking things too far can become a problem even if the reasoning behind the extreme behavior is for your own good. Health nuts obsess about exercising and diets. They count the number of carbohydrates in every meal and how much body fat they burn at the gym. Caring about what kinds of food we put into our bodies can be healthy, or it can go so far as to become an eating disorder of its own, known as orthorexia nervosa. First described by Dr. Steven Bratman in 1997, it refers to people who are so fixated on eating healthy food that it negatively affects other parts of their lives.

Focusing on eating fresh foods or avoiding certain unhealthy meals has become a lifestyle choice for many. Some people don't know where to draw the line and end up spending absurd amounts of time or money on making sure they are eating right. Orthorexia rears its ugly head when people give up living a normal life to eat only pure food and avoid what they see as contamination. Not trusting perfectly good food is another symptom of the eating disorder, along with pathological behavior like self-punishment for eating the "wrong" kind of food, and other obsessive tendencies.

It took many years for the disorder to be recognized. It was first mentioned in a peer-reviewed scientific journal in 2004. Although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association doesn't list orthorexia as a diagnosable medical condition, more and more people are discussing it on social media. With this open communication, maybe those suffering from orthorexia will find it easier to seek help.

把事情做得太超過可能會變成一個問題，就算在極端行為背後的理論是為了自己好。健康狂熱者對於運動和飲食過分在意。他們計算著每一餐碳水化合物的量和運動讓燃燒調多少體脂肪。關心我們吃進什麼樣的食物能變得健康，但是太過的話甚至會變成一個叫健康飲食癡迷者的飲食失調。這個病第一次在1997年被Dr. Steven Bratman描述，他指出太專注於食用健康食品，導致在自己生活其他部分中產生負面影響的人。不相信完美的食物是飲食失調的另一個症狀，以及對於吃下「錯誤」食物而自我懲罰等病態行為和其他強迫傾向也是其中一個症狀。

對很多人來說，專注在吃新鮮食品或避面某些不健康餐點已經變成一種生活方式的選擇了。有些人不知道該怎麼劃親界線，最後卻花了大量的時間或金錢來確保他們吃對食物。當人們放棄過正常的生活而只吃純淨的食物並避免他們視為污染的食物時，健康食品痴迷者就會出現。

這種疾病花了很多年才得到認可。它首次於2004年的同行評審的科學期刊中提及。雖然美國精神病學學會的診斷和統計手冊沒有將健康食品痴迷症列為可診斷的疾病，越來越多的人在社交媒體上討論它。藉由這種開放的溝通，也許有健康痴迷症者會更容易尋求幫助。

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2018.10.08~2018.10.14

The Cadbury Story Tasty Chocolate with a Lot of Influence

Just how delicious is Cadbury chocolate? Here are a few clues for you: it has the stamp of approval from the Queen of England, it inspired author Roald Dahl to write Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and there are two tourist attractions based on the company's products.

Let's start with the Queen. In 1854, 30 years after Cadbury was founded by John Cadbury in Birmingham, England, Cadbury was awarded its first Royal Warrant from Queen Victoria. A Royal Warrant indicates a particular company supplies goods to the Royal Family, which suggests they are of superior quality. It's a bit like saying, "The Queen approves of this product."

Cadbury wasn't always a leader in the world of chocolate. In fact, Cadbury was originally known more for selling tea and coffee. By the time John Cadbury's sons, Richard and George, took over the company in 1861, the future looked bleak. Sales had fallen, and Cadbury was actually losing money. The sons managed to turn the company around in the span of five years by focusing more on chocolate and improving quality.

As a type of market survey in the 1920s, Cadbury would send samples of their new chocolates to school kids to get their opinions on them. One of these testers was none other than Roald Dahl, who was inspired to write Charlie and the Chocolate Factory decades later. Cadbury also introduced Fancy Boxes, packaging candy in containers designed to look pretty, including heart-shaped ones for Valentine's Day. Other candy and chocolate companies continue to copy this marketing concept to this day.

To further their branding, the company opened two tourist attractions called Cadbury World. The first Cadbury World was opened in 1990 in Birmingham, England, while the second followed in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 2003. Perhaps a young visitor to one of those facilities will someday go on to create a famous piece of fiction about chocolate as well!

吉百利巧克力有多美味呢？這裡給你一些線索：它有英國女王認證的印章，它激發作者羅爾德達爾寫了查理和巧克力工廠，並且有兩個根據公司產品的旅遊景點。

讓我們從女王說起吧。在1854年，約翰吉百利在英國伯明翰創立吉百利公司的30年後，吉百利公司得到由維多利亞女王頒發的第一份皇家認證。皇家授權表示這家特定公司向皇室提供商品，這表示它們品質優秀。這有點像說:「女王認可了這個產品。」

吉百利公司不是一直是巧克力市界的領導者。 事實上，吉百利公司原本是出售茶和咖啡而聞名。當約翰吉百利的兒子，理查德和喬治，於1861年接管公司時，公司未來看起來很黯淡。銷售額下降，吉百利公司實際上正在虧錢。兒子們更專注於巧克力和提高品質，成功地在五年內扭轉了公司的局面。

1920年的一個市場調查，吉百利公司將會給學校的小孩一些試吃品，尋求他們的想法。其中一位試吃者Roald Dahl，他受到啟發，在數十年後寫出了查理與巧克力工廠。吉百利公司還推出了各種花樣的包裝盒，把糖果包裝在看起來很漂亮的容器裡，包括情人節的心形盒子。其他糖果和巧克力公司到現在還繼續用這一種營銷理念。

為了進一步推廣品牌，該公司開設了兩個名為吉百利世界的旅遊景點。第一個吉百利世界於1990年在英國伯明翰開幕，第二個於2003年在紐西蘭達尼丁開幕。也許，到其中一個設施的年輕遊客，也會創造出一部關於巧克力的著名小說！

2018.10.15~2018.10.21

THE PRIDE OF NAPLES

Italians were singing and dancing in the streets of Naples in joyful celebration. Dozens of pizza chefs gave out free pizzas to enthusiastic crowds of locals and tourists. Why all the fuss? Neapolitans, as natives of that southern Italian city are called, invented pizza 250 years ago. The United Nations World Heritage Committee finally announced its official recognition of pizza-making, granting it UNESCO World Heritage status. In Naples, according to the UN culture body, there are some 3,000 professionally trained pizza chefs. The pizza chefs learned their craft by the apprentice method. They are passing down the tradition from one generation to the next.

The earliest pizzas were plain, unappetizing offerings, with added lard, created to cheaply feed masses of poor people in the early 18th century. By mid-century, pizzas were being sold in taverns.Before the turn of the 19th century, the first pizzerias began popping up in the city. Since that time, traditional Neapolitan pizzas have been based on a few simple ingredients. Flour, salt, water, and yeast are carefully combined with the best available produce.Authentic pizzas require distinct steps. Dough preparation must include kneading by hand, rolling the dough into a pizza crust, skillfully tossing the unbaked dough to "air" it, baking in a wood-fired stove, and rotating the pizza in the oven to make sure it is evenly cooked.

Perhaps surprisingly, there are millions of pizza eaters all over the world who don't even know that the pizza they are so fond of originated in Italy. Neapolitans are happy because, thanks to UNESCO, that is about to change. Neapolitans want the world to know that pizza was born in Naples. They are confident now that the word is finally out.

拿坡里的街道上，意大利人唱歌跳舞愉快的慶祝著。數十位披薩師傅發送免費的比薩給熱情的當地人和遊客。這麼大驚小怪是為甚麼呢？ 拿坡里人，義大利南部當地人的稱呼，250年前發明了披薩。聯合國世界遺產委員會最終正式宣布認可比薩製作，並授予它聯合國教科文組織世界遺產的地位。根據聯合國文化機構，在拿坡里有大約3,000名受過專業訓練的披薩師傅。披薩師傅通過做學徒的方法學來這個手藝。他們將這個傳統從一代一代傳承下去。

最早的比薩餅是在18世紀初發明的，用廉價的食物給大量的窮人，很樸素只加上豬油，且讓人引不起食慾的食物。到了該世紀中葉，小酒館裡有在賣比薩了。在快要進入19世紀之前，第一家比薩店開始在這個城市出現。從那時起，傳統的拿坡里比薩就是用一些簡單的材料製成。麵粉、鹽、水和酵母與可取得的最好農產品小心的結合再一起。道地的比薩需要獨特的步驟。麵團準備必須包括手工揉捏、將麵團擀成比薩餅皮、有技巧地將未烘烤的麵團拋到空氣中，在燒柴的爐火裡烘烤，然後在旋轉烤箱中比薩以確保均勻烹飪。

也許令人驚訝的是，全世界有數百萬的披薩食者甚至不知道他們喜歡的披薩源於意大利。拿坡里人很高興，因為多謝聯合國教科文組織，因為這即將要改變。拿坡里人希望全世界知道比薩來自於拿坡里。這個消息終於傳開了，他們現在有信心。

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2018.10.22~2018.10.28

NAVIGATING THE TRICKS OF A Restaurant MENU

Going to a restaurant has changed over the years. These days, graphic designers work hard to manipulate what you order and eat. They use many different tactics to get customers to order more expensive dishes. Here's how they do it.

You probably didn't notice that the menu at the fancy restaurant you went to last week was leather-bound and a bit heavy. That's intentional. A more attractive and weightier menu gives the impression of luxury and high-class dining. Opeaning the menu, you might have noticed that the leading items in each food category—appetizers, entrées, and desserts—are often the most expensive. These are the items that we scan first. Also, prices are no longer written out. For example, something for the price of US$13.00 is written as "13." Avoiding the dollar sign makes customers not realize an item's true cost.

That's just for starters. Which would you rather order: "steak with mashed potatoes" or "free-range Iowa farm beef steak with traditional Idaho mashed potatoes?" Of course, the more descriptive a menu item, the more likely we are to order it. Such descriptions contain several psychological factor.

The font, color, and layout also play a role in how you order food. The names of dishes or ingredients written in italics are meant to draw your attention. Red and yellow have been shown to make people hungry, so those colors are often used on restaurant logos and menus. Any items written in the upper right corner of the page or in a box also attract the customer's eye when reading through the available options. The next time you go to a restaurant, be aware of these engineered tricks when reading a menu!

多年來，去餐館用餐這件事已經開始變化了。現今，平面設計師努力操縱您點和吃的東西。他們使用許多不同的策略來讓顧客去點更昂貴的菜餚。這裡是他們的做法。

你可能沒注意到上禮拜你去的高級餐廳的菜單都是皮革裝定的，且有點沉重。那是故意的。越引人注目、越重的菜單給人有種豪華、高級餐廳的印象。打開菜單，你可能注意到了每種食物類別(開胃菜、主菜、甜點)中的主要項目往往是最貴的。這些是我們首先要瀏覽的項目。此外，也不再把價格寫出來。例如，某物的價格是13美元就寫成「13」。避免用美元符號讓顧客不會意識到這個東西的真實花費。

這只是剛開始。「牛排配土豆泥」或「愛荷華自由放養牛排配傳統的愛達荷薯泥」你寧願買哪一種?當然，菜單上描述越多的項目，我們就越有可能去點它。這種描述包含幾個心理因素。

字體，顏色和設計也會影響你怎麼點餐。用斜體字書寫的菜餚或食材名稱是為了吸引你的注意。紅色和黃色已被證明會讓人感到飢餓，所以這些顏色通常用於餐廳標誌和菜單上。當客人在看菜單裡可供應選項時，任何寫在頁面右上角或框框中的項目也會吸引客人的目光。下次你去到餐館時，在看菜單時可以注意這些設計手法！

2018.10.29~2018.11.04

The Many Benefits of Social Enterprise

Working to make the world a better place should be everyone's responsibility. Some companies actually base their entire business model on giving back to the community or tackling larger humanitarian issues. These social enterprises come in many forms, both local and international. Most businesses operate with a financial motive as a way to measure their success, but social enterprises use a different currency: improving the lives or conditions of those in need by organizing action.

Co-op living and working spaces, community-owned farms, and environmental organizations are just a few examples of this growing field. From medical care to open access, social enterprises span a large range of goods and services. Although social enterprises are defined in many different ways, the thing they have in common is the ability to recognize a problem and put energy into solving it. These aren't government institutions, though they often work together with the government to solve social issues.

Certain trade and ethics laws govern corporate businesses, but social enterprises have to play by a different set of rules altogether. Fair trade practices, employee co-ownership, donations of profits to charities, and a clear mission statement that sets out social or environmental goals are all important parts. Some examples of social enterprise businesses that have managed to thrive include The Big Issue, a publication that employs the homeless; Divine Chocolate, which gives corporate ownership to cocoa farmers in Ghana; Change.org, a website that circulates and submits political petitions; and EAT Café, a pay-what-you-want restaurant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

努力讓這個世界變得更好應該是每個人的責任。事實上，有些公司他們整體商業模式的基礎建立在回饋給社會或是處理大的人道主義議題裡。這些社會企業有很多形式，包含本地企業和國際企業。大部分企業的經營用財務為動機，用這個來衡量他們的成功，但是社會企業用一個不同的方式：用組織活動來改善需要幫助的人得生活和情況。

合作事業的生活和工作空間、社區用有的農場和環境組織只是這個發展領域中的一些例子。從醫療照顧到開放近用，社會企業涵蓋的商品和服務範圍很大。儘管社會企業有很多不同的方式定義，但他們有的相同之處都是能夠知問題並放精力去解決他，雖然他們常常和政府一起解決社會議題，但它們不是政府機構。

某些貿易和道德法律管理公司企業，但社會企業用一組完全不同的規則在運作。公平貿易實行、員工共享所有權、捐贈利潤給慈善機構和闡述社會或環境目標都是重要的部分。一些成功企業的例子包括，大誌雜誌，雇用遊民的一個刊物；Divine巧克力，它給迦納的可可農民公司所有權；change.org，它是一個分發和遞交政治請願書的網站；和EAT咖啡廳，在費城賓夕法尼亞州的餐廳，是你可以自由給錢。

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2018.11.05~2018.11.11

Donation-based organizations are nothing new. Charitable soup kitchens that feed the hungry have been around for decades. While most soup kitchens and homeless shelters receive food and depend on financial help from various sources, another way to provide food for those who can't afford to eat at restaurants is to make payment optional. Of course, businesses would never last if everyone ate for free, but leaving the option open to pay some of the bill, or pay extra, leaves the door open for a unique dining experience.

As one of nearly 50 restaurants across the US that are experimenting with new payment models, EAT Café, which stands for Everyone At the Table, treats all customers the same, whether they pay for their meal or not. All pay-what-you-can restaurants are slightly different. In order for EAT Café to work, 80% of the bills need to be paid to cover the other estimated 20% that aren't able to pay full price.

It gives those who are less fortunate an opportunity to share their burden with those who don't mind paying a little extra for their meal to help their fellow humans. According to their website, "At EAT Café, we believe that everyone has a right to access healthy, hearty food with dignity. In Philadelphia, nearly one in four people are food insecure. We address food insecurity by providing nutritious, high-quality meals to all who walk through our door." Luckily, this unconventional method of feeding the hungry is a social enterprise that people can really sink their teeth into.

以捐贈為基礎的組織不是什麼新鮮的事。餵給飢餓的人的施粥所已經有十年以上的時間了。儘管大部分的施粥所和遊民收容所接收食物和仰賴各種來源的經濟幫助，而另一種提供食物給負擔不起在餐廳裡吃飯的人的方式，是讓他們可選擇要不要付錢。當然，如果大家都免費吃，那事業就沒辦法持續下去，但如果開放給客人付一部帳單用或額外費用，這可能會變成一種獨特的用餐經驗。

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