檢視北美俄亥俄州出土水獺外形個煙斗的原始碼

===基本資料===
*年代:西元前200年到西元100年之間
*出處:美國的俄亥俄州土塚市
*高5.1cm、長10cm、寬3.3cm
*經緯度:40.3664、-82.7901
*文明:印加

===簡介===
抽菸會帶來快樂與危險。這支菸斗在2000年前的北美洲非常流行。他的形狀就像一支卡祖笛，他有一把長柄和一個碗狀的東西，是用略帶紅色的石頭雕刻而成，下面有個長約10cm的平直底座，底座一邊挖了一個小孔，當作菸頭咬嘴，煙斗的碗狀物用來放菸草，石頭磨得很光滑，水賴的頭向著菸頭咬嘴，因此抽菸的人在抽菸時眼睛會正好凝視著水賴的眼睛，且鼻子和水賴的鼻子也會碰在一起。這便是世界上人類最早使用的煙斗，人類抽菸斗的歷史從此開始。
<img src="http://www.britishmuseum.org/images/mm040819_m.jpg" width="250" height="250" />
===北美印第安文化===
[[File:Nordamerikanische Kulturareale en.png|thumb|歐洲接觸的大盆地部落 |200px]]

抽菸是北美洲宗教和禮儀上必備的一部份，北美東部部落會進行大量的菸草袋作為貿易項目，部落的人民往往會用菸斗抽菸。吸菸，菸草作為醫藥用途，作為一種止痛劑。它被用於耳痛和牙痛，偶爾作為膏藥。
[[File:Leaf epidermis.jpg|thumb|顯微鏡下菸草葉子的表面 |200px]]

===菸斗、菸種類===
[[File:Pijpenkabinet 21.010 meer-vrouw-bij-beek-01.jpg|thumb|海泡石製成的菸斗|200px]]
[[File:Shisha.JPG|水煙|200px]]
[[File:Shag-tobacco-01 (xndr).jpg|煙絲|200px]]
[[File:Cigar tube and cutter.jpg|雪茄|200px]]
[[File:Cigarette.jpg|香菸|200px]]
===菸草===
[[File:TMV virus super resolution microscopy Christoph Cremer Christina Wege.jpg|thumb|TMV病毒超解像|400px]]

[[File:TMV.jpg|菸草鑲嵌病毒|200px]]
*菸草鑲嵌病毒，又名菸草花葉病毒，是一種[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 RNA病毒]，專門感染植物，尤其是菸草及其他茄科植物，能使這些受感染的葉片看來斑駁污損，因此得名。

===參考連結===
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nordamerikanische_Kulturareale_en.png 維基共享資源 User:Nikater]
*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89#.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2 菸草]
*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B 印加帝國]
*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B 阿茲特克]
*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91 美洲原住民]
*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8 吸菸]
*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 核糖核酸病毒]
*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8 吸菸]
*[https://translate.google.com.tw/translate?hl=zh-TW&sl=zh-CN&u=http://archives.cnd.org/HXWK/column/History/kd100520-1.gb.html&prev=search 美國往事——北美的原住民：印地安人]
*[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E8%8C%84 雪茄]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin]
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大盆地的原住民(出自維基百科)]
*[http://geacron.com/home-zh-hans/?lang=zh-hans 世界历史地图集“及时间表]
===搜尋關鍵字===
*北美印第安抽菸
*菸草
*北美印第安文化
*印加帝國