Contemporary Adaptations in Taiwanese Education

Milestone events in Taiwanese Education

detailed information

	event	year	Influence
1	Revision of the University Act	1987~1994	1.The beginning of autonomy of university and selection of the Principle. 2.Abolished the Common Required Courses List.
2	410 Education Reform	1994	1.Facilitated the establishment of the Commission on Education Reform from Executive Yuan. 2.Legislation of Educational Fundamental Act. 3.Reduced the number of students per class in primary and secondary schools.
3	The Commission on Education Reform in Executive Yuan	1994~1996	1.Confirmed education reform stands as a government statement. 2.Confirmed “Loosing ties” as the main route of development in education. 3.Striving 157 billion Allocations Legal Expenses for Education Reform Action Plan.
4	Legalization of parent-teacher association	1989~1994	1.Parent-teacher associations widely established in Taiwan. 2.Regulations for Parental Involvement in Compulsory Education had been legislated. 3.The progress on parental involvement in Regulations for Parental Involvement in Compulsory Education appeared to be limited.
5	Reforming of teacher policies	1989~1995~1999	1.Distinguishing teachers from government employees. 2.General universities participate in teacher training. 3.Change from public funding to self-funding. 4.Change from assignment to recruitment. 5.Teachers establish a teachers' association. 6.Change the teacher pension system from gratuity to a savings plan.
6	The Establishment and Development of Community Colleges	1998~	1.Providing affordable lifelong learning. 2.Developing local studies. 3.Creating networks of instructors organized by local experts. 4.Creating networks of students composed of local residents.
7	The first 21 reform	1993~1999	1.Suspended the application of standardized textbooks in Grade 1-9 Curriculum. 2.Revisioning policies of Primary and secondary schools towards school-based governance.
8	Educational Fundamental Act	1994~1999	1.Initiated the legislation of the three experimental education laws in 2014. 2.Supporting and safeguarding education funding.
9	The Compilation and Administration of Education Expenditures Act	1997~2000	1.Education funding increased to approximately 100 billion on average every 4.4 years. 2.Ensured the development of education in Taiwan will not be constrained by financial shortages. 3.Citizens could participate in education financial governance through two committees. 4.Ascending of the various education expenditures.
10	Grade 1-9 Curriculum	1998~2004~2018	1.Antagonized traditional leaders of the academic and Teacher Training field. 2.Confirmed the structure and priority of schools in curriculum governance. (school-based curriculum). 3.Divided Learning Areas by Symbol Systems. 4.Established two major types of Curriculum Guidelines units: "Domains" and "Issues." 5.Established that teachers can compile their own teaching materials or textbooks. 6.Increasingly merging both weekly schedules and semester schedules. 7.Initiated the advocacy of "learning paradigm" instead of "teaching paradigm" but appeared to be unstable. 8.The high school Curriculum Guidelines committee refused to converge the policies connected with Grade 1-9 Curriculum.
11	Curriculum Guidelines of 12Year Basic Education	2009~2014~	1.The national treasury allocates 20 billion every year to reverse the social and economic distribution of senior high school students’ families.(Free tuition subsidy for private high school students) 2.High school entrance exams are gradually moving towards exemption. 3.Promoted the third round of curriculum reform. 4.Implemented academic portfolio for high school students. 5.The methods of entering university becoming more diversified.
12	The legislation of 3 types of Experimental Education Act	2012~2014~	1.People can create an education that meets their own needs. Taiwanese education has begun to adopt the spirit of "education-maker". 2.Accelerate the development of self-directed learning paradigm discourse and practice. 3.Inspired the spirit of self-directed learning in Curriculum Guidelines of 12Year Basic Education. 4.Accelerated the introduction of various alternative education schools to Taiwan. (Montessori, Waldorf, etc.) 5.Legalizing Bible reading education. (Bible, Buddhist scriptures, Confucian scriptures) 6.Launch a hybrid national education support model. 7.Several years after it, the cram school managed experimental education in the institution. 8.Started the struggle for the legitimacy of self-operated compulsory education. 9.Gradually expand state treasury subsidies for “national-education-maker”. 10.Started independent learning and leadership training on the teacher side. 11.Provided a foundation for connecting "post-AI public education". 12.Start the exploration and development of "class-based courses".

A Visual Representation of Interconnected Milestones in the History of Taiwanese Education

1. Blue Lines: Historical associations.
2. Red Lines: Developing associations.
3. From left to right, the diagram is divided into three stages:

   (1)Get out of martial law：①~⑦

   (2)trending toward publicization：⑧~⑩

   (3)paradigm shift：⑪~⑫

The thirteenth milestone event in the foreseeable future (Public of self-directed learning)

1.Preparation and formation

(1) Affordable Self-directed Learning Initiative/Experimental Education Development/108 Curriculum. Above three are intertwined

Since the Commission of Education Reform of the Republic of China advocated "creating affordable self-directed learning" at the Quality Education Seminar in 2010, this initiative has never subsided.

Since April 28, 2012, a number of self-study groups have proposed "legislation to protect experimental education" at the quality- learning Forum, and began to promote legislation. By 2014, the legislation was successfully passed by taking advantage of the county and mayor elections.

After the implementation of 3 types of Experimental Education Act,individual self-study, group experimental education, institutional experimental education, school experimental education, and public and private experimental education have all developed greatly. It can be divided into four major groups:

1. Introduction of alternative education schools (Waldorf, Montessori, Jena, Sudbury Valley, KIPP and KIST etc.)
2. Multiculturalism and multifaith: such as reading the Bible, Buddhist scriptures, and Confucian scriptures
3. Evade legal regulations
4. Strengthen students’ self-directed learning

Among them, the community of strengthening students' self-directed learning has developed many "discussions" and "practical essentials" on the self-directed learning model, and inspired the "108 Curriculum". It also recognizes the self-directed learning model through the four chapters of the "108 Curriculum" including the background, concepts, course objectives, and core competencies, and provides the following two self-directed learning implementation spaces:

Number of self-directed learning sessions available for elementary and junior high schools

Add "flexible learning courses" at 20% of the number of study sessions in the field:

Lower grade primary school	Medium grade primary school	high grade primary school	Junior high school
6~8 sections	8~11 sections	9.2~12.2 sections	8.8~11.8 sections

School-determined electives for senior high school

School-determined courses will start with a 1.2 magnification and will gradually reach a 1.5 magnification.

(3) 2023 Education Funding Standards Committee Proposal/2024 Education Funding Standards Committee Report

2023 EFSC Proposal

Cause of action：
Recommended that this committee begin to discuss the basic needs of education funds to include "self-directed learning support manpower".
Proposal committee members: 丁志仁, 謝國清

Description：

1. Taiwan’s public school education is currently facing three major crises: the “value sinking” of traditional public school education brought about by generative AI, the decline in the number of newborns, and the competition for the legitimacy of “self-organized compulsory education” by alternative education.
2. In addition to "teaching manpower" and "administrative manpower", the manpower part of the basic needs of education has added "self-directed learning support manpower" of 0.1C (C refers to the number of classes), and a trial calculation has been carried out.
3. List the usage scenarios of self-directed learning teaching manpower, initially 12 items, later increased to 16 items, such as:
   1. Forming course: The teacher assists students in group class (the teacher provides a lot of companionship and OST).
   2. Clubs: Organize clubs based on students’ interests and aptitudes.
   3. Elective courses: Elective courses are provided.
   4. Expert teaching support: open-door education, allocate hourly pay to teaching support staff, such as parents and experts in various industries, to share career or life experiences.
   5. Double teacher system: Two teachers cooperate with each other to promote students' self-study, joint learning within groups, mutual learning between groups, and teacher guidance.
   6. Parent participation in educational affairs: Systematically introduce parents to teach, prepare lessons, and participate in management learning.
   7. Mix three types of resources: participating in school classes, participating in experimental education, and parents using learning resources (such as social education centers) to support students' learning.
   8. Mobile Learning: Learning activities that include three elements: student planning, group learning, and off-site learning.
   9. Visits: Students participate in and plan visits.
   10. Internship: Allow students over the age of 16 to enter the workplace for internship or practice with masters in a master-apprenticeship system.
   11. Theme lesson preparation: The teacher decides the scope, and the students decide the specific report topic. The teacher accompanies the students to rehearse and provide guidance.
   12. Remedial teaching: Apply the above principles for remedial teaching, and you can use external manpower.
   13. Market: Plan cross-school learning markets.
   14. Watch the film together and discuss: Watch the film together in a group or learning community, analyze the film, and hold discussions after the screening.
   15. Editing a newspaper: Agree on a theme and time range, and students will collect materials together, edit them into a newspaper, publish them on stage, and watch each other grow.
   16. Storytelling: Students first collect stories from various advertisements and professional supporting articles, discuss and analyze them, and then re-create them, such as turning them into micro-scripts.

2023 results: Representatives from the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics and the National Development Council objected. Because the meeting was decided based on consensus, it was not passed. However, the chairman, Minister Pan, cooperated. He ordered the K-12 Education Administration to conduct a commissioned study on the case of "Incorporate self-directed learning manpower into the basic needs for educational expenditure", and the research results were submitted to the committee's 113th annual research group and committee meeting for discussion. "

2024 「Incorporate self-directed learning manpower into the basic needs for educational expenditure report」

(四)修改《教育部國民及學前教育署補助推動實驗教育要點》(一石二鳥)

	補助項目	補助對象	大致基準	備註
學 習 資 源	1.組課共學	學校、機構、團體、自學生	1. 學校在現有的補助基準下外加 10% 2. 其他對象以每生每學期 1.2 萬為上限 3. 支應項目：出席費、諮詢費、鐘點費、 講座鐘點費、勞工保險費、勞工自行提撥 之退休金及代理教師或非公教人員平安保 險之保險費、印刷費、交通費、住宿費、 膳費、場地費、教材教具費、資料集費、 學生平安保險之保險費、全民健康保险補 充保險費及雜支，或其他相關必要費用。 4. 講師費提高到每節 2000 元
	2.共組同好社團	學校、機構、團體、自學生
	3.開設適性選修課程	學校、機構、團體、自學生
	4.專家、達/職人教學支援	學校、機構、團體、自學生
	5.場域實習	學校、機構、團體、自學生
輔 導 資 源	1.聘用專業輔導人士	學校、機構、團體、自學生
	2.輔導師資養成/增能研習(輔導人才增能研習)(註1)	實驗教育學校 / 機構 / 團體
	3.特殊療育(如藝術治療)課程、活動(註2)	學校、機構、團體、自學生

但是此事仍面臨以下變數：

1. 推動自主學習的政策方向會不會再轉變？
2. 整個方案能否得到部內預算支持？
3. 地方政府是否有誘因編列相應的配合款？
4. 將補助對象細化到個人，在請款、核結是否有足夠的專業人力支持作業？

二、讓「自主學習公共化」落地與落實

捲起袖子幹活 –– 從等一下的 OST 開始

1. 誰要來參與？一個推動的微社群：丁志仁、傅心怡、黃于庭、施采邑、游士賢、譚翰駿…
2. 需要推動機構：調整「教育再公共化聯盟」
3. 需要學校、機構、團體、自學家庭來模擬：大概需要四五個(不一定散布全台，可以先集中北部)，優先：
   • 身生實驗教育機構
   • 公辦公營的和平實小
   • 宜蘭人文
   • 全促會社大與十二年國教
   • 台北五明國際學苑
   • 岳明？

   最好是模擬：「組課共學」、「共組同好社團」、「開設適性選修課程」、「專家、達/職人教學支援」、「場域實習」

4. 準備操作說明文件，例如：組課共學
5. 散布基層廣宣，適合的人可以申請，較高的速度傳到相關的人和團體
6. 需要文官中有友軍。
   • 中央？
   • 地方縣市文官也要有(地方教育局處長)
     1. 台北市
     2. 新北市
     3. 宜蘭縣
7. 宏觀推動路徑擬定，
   • 動能維持
   • 鞏固補助要點
   • 研究「教育品質指標」
   • …